About Russia

Travel Advice

FCDO continues to advise British nationals against all travel to Russia. Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine means the situation in Russia is unpredictable. This includes:

• security incidents, such as drone attacks, happening in some parts of the country
• lack of available flights to return to the UK
• a limited ability for HMG to provide consular assistance

Your travel insurance could be invalidated if you travel against FCDO advice. Consular support is also severely limited where FCDO advises against travel.

Situation in Russia

The Russian invasion of Ukraine is ongoing. International and domestic response to this action is affecting conditions within Russia and for those traveling to Russia. There have been numerous reports of drone attacks, explosions and fires in areas in Western and Southern Russia, particularly near the Russian border with Ukraine, Moscow and St Petersburg. The situation remains unpredictable, and could escalate further without warning.

Political rallies and demonstrations can occur in Moscow, St Petersburg and other places across Russia. Check the local media for the latest information, be vigilant, and avoid any political demonstrations or gatherings.

Consider leaving Russia

If your presence in Russia is not essential, we strongly advise that you consider leaving by remaining commercial routes.

British nationals should exercise extreme caution at all times. Consider the risks if you decide to leave Russia. Travel within or out of Russia is at your own risk.

If you choose to stay in Russia

If you decide to remain in Russia, you should:

• keep your departure plans under constant review
• ensure your travel documents are up to date
• monitor the local media
• stay alert to security warnings and follow the advice of local authories
• seek cover inside buildings or underground passage ways, and avoid glazed areas in a drone attack
• sign-up to email alerts for Russia travel advice.

Read FCDO advice on what to do if you’re affected by a crisis abroad and how to prepare.

Travel within and out of Russia

You cannot fly from Russia directly to the UK, or via EU countries. There are connecting flights from Russia via the Middle East, Serbia and Turkey to the UK and other destinations. However, this could change at short notice or flights might sell out quickly. Check the latest information with your airline or travel provider.

Restrictions in Russia

There are severe restrictions on the publishing and distribution of information related to the Russian armed forces and any military operations. People charged under these laws face heavy sentences. See IT and social media on the Local laws and customs page.

International sanctions against Russia

The UK government has imposed sanctions against a number of Russian companies and individuals as well as other finance, trade and transport sanctions. These sanctions may have an effect on transactions in or, with Russia. More information about Russia sanctions is available on GOV.UK including on the application of sanctions prohibitions and requirements to British nationals.

MasterCard and Visa have suspended operations in Russia. This means that MasterCard and Visa cards issued outside of Russia will not work at Russian merchants or ATMs. Cards issued inside Russia continue to work in Russia but they will not work outside of Russia. Be aware that it may not be possible for you to access your funds through Russian banks or to make payments to Russian businesses with non-Russian credit/debit cards.

In May 2022, the UK government designated Aeroflot, Rossiya Airlines, Ural Airlines and Russian Railways for the purposes of UK sanctions. This means that British nationals and others who are bound by UK sanctions are prohibited from entering into transactions which result in making funds directly or indirectly available to these companies, such as purchasing tickets from them. However, the Office for Financial Sanctions Implementation has issued a general licence which means that for journeys originating in, or within, Russia, British nationals may purchase tickets from these companies without breaching UK sanctions.

Help and support for British nationals in Russia

The British Embassy in Moscow is open, but the situation could change at short notice. We may be restricted in the consular support we can provide in-person in country.

Consular support is severely limited in parts of Russia due to the security situation and the size of the country, particularly in the North Caucasus.

If you need consular assistance, call the British Embassy Moscow +7 495 956 7200 and then select the option for consular assistance. Phone lines are answered 24 hours a day.

You can contact the Russian emergency services on 112.

Dual Nationals

Dual British-Russian nationals will be treated as Russian nationals by the Russian authorities. The consular support we can provide will be severely limited. If you are arrested or detained we are unlikely to get authorisation from the Russian authorities to provide consular support.

In 2022, Russia declared a “partial” mobilisation of Russian citizens to join the military forces. British nationals holding Russian passports could be in scope for mobilisation or conscription.

There are currently no direct flights operating between the UK and Russia.

The authorities in the countries bordering Russia set and enforce entry rules. Before you travel, check the foreign travel advice for any countries you plan to travel through. If you need consular assistance contact that country’s British Embassy, High Commission or Consulate. Consider checking with your transport provider or travel company that your passport and other travel documents meet their entry requirements.

Entering the UK

Check what you must do to return to England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.

Leaving Russia by air

There are currently no direct flights operating between the UK and Russia.

The UK Air Safety List (ASL) identifies foreign airlines that do not fulfil the necessary international safety standards and are banned from operating commercial air services to, from, and within the United Kingdom. The purpose of the UK ASL is to help UK travellers to make informed decisions on which air carriers to use when flying overseas. If you are travelling overseas, take account of the UK ASL when considering which carriers to fly with.

From 8 April 2022, all Russian-certified air carriers were included on the UK ASL. The list is maintained by the Department for Transport, published by the UK Civil Aviation Authority. If you are seeking alternative air routes or other means of travel, e.g. road or rail, consult local travel providers.

If you are in Russia, it is not possible to fly directly to the UK, or via EU countries, and should amend any travel plans accordingly. However, there are limited numbers of commercial airlines operating indirect flights largely via the Middle East, Serbia and Turkey. Check the latest information with your airline or travel provider.

The full list of countries who have closed their airspace for Russian aircraft has been published by the Russian aviation authorities (available in Russian only. The website may not be supported on all devices).

Travelling by road

See also the road travel section for information about traveling by road in Russia. Land borders may be busy, and you should be prepared for a long wait to exit Russia.

Travelling from Russia into Latvia

If you are planning to travel into Latvia, check the travel advice for Latvia which includes information on entry requirements, including COVID-19 requirements.

See the Latvian government website for information about crossing the border.

If you are planning to travel by bus, check the section below about international bus routes.

Travelling from Russia into Finland

If you are planning to travel into Finland, check the travel advice for Finland which includes information on entry requirements, including COVID-19 requirements.

See the Finnish border guard website for information about crossing the border. A train service is no longer available when travelling from Russia to Finland.

If you are planning to travel by bus, check the section below about international bus routes.

Travelling from Russia into Estonia

If you are planning to travel into Estonia, check the travel advice for Estonia which includes information on entry requirements, including COVID-19 requirements.

If you are planning to cross into Estonia by road at the Narva-1 Border crossing point, see the Go Swift Queue Management Service.

The Estonian police and border guard board website has further information about crossing the border.

If you are planning to travel by bus, check the section below about international bus routes.

Travelling from Russia into Lithuania

If you are planning to travel into Lithuania, check the travel advice for Lithuania which includes information on entry requirements, including COVID-19 requirements.

If you are planning to cross into Lithuania by road from Kaliningrad oblast at the Kybartai border crossing point, see the Lithuanian state border crossing website.

If you are planning to travel by bus, check the section below about international bus routes.

Travelling from Russia into Norway

If you are planning to travel into Norway, check the travel advice for Norway, which includes information on entry requirements, including COVID-19 requirements.

The Storskog-Borisoglebsk border crossing is approximately three hours’ drive from Murmansk.

International bus routes

A number of bus companies operate international routes, including those listed below. You should check directly with the companies for availability of buses, timetables and tickets as the situation may change quickly.

Ecolines

The company operates buses to Riga (Latvia), Tallinn (Estonia), Helsinki (Finland), Vilnius (Lithuania) and other destinations in Europe.

Baltic Shuttle

The company operates buses from St Petersburg to Tallinn (Estonia).

Lux Express

The company operates buses from St Petersburg to Riga (Latvia), Tallinn (Estonia), Helsinki (Finland)

Coronavirus travel health

The situation can change quickly and varies across the country, particularly in smaller cities and rural areas or remote locations. Check the latest announcements from local authorities before travelling. These are available in Russian – click on a specific region on the map for local COVID-19 restrictions.

Check the latest information on risk from COVID-19 for Russia on the TravelHealthPro website.

See the TravelHealthPro website for further advice on travel abroad and reducing spread of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

International travel

See Travelling by air in the Returning to the UK section.

Entry and borders

See Entry requirements to find out what you will need to do when you arrive in Russia.

Be prepared for your plans to change

A full list of certified clinics and laboratories certified to perform COVID-19 tests is available online (only in Russian).

No travel is risk-free during COVID-19. Countries may further restrict travel or bring in new rules at short notice, for example due to a new COVID-19 variant. Check with your travel company or airline for any transport changes which may delay your journey home.

If you test positive for COVID-19 while in Russia, you will be required to self-isolate for 7 days. You should comply with any additional screening measures put in place by the authorities.

Plan ahead and make sure you:

• can access money
• understand what your insurance will cover
• can make arrangements to extend your stay and be away for longer than planned

Travel in Russia

The Russian federal government has delegated responsibility for introduction or relaxation of restrictions to the regional authorities. Different restrictions may be in force in different regions. You should follow regional advice. Check the latest announcements from local authorities before travelling. These are available in Russian at https://xn--80aesfpebagmfblc0a.xn--p1ai/information/ – click on a specific region on the map for local COVID-19 restrictions.

The latest advice for Moscow is available on the Mayor’s Office website. For Saint Petersburg, advice can be found on the Mayor’s Office website.

Public places and services

Social distancing of 1.5 metres may still be recommended at certain locations.

Accommodation

Hotels in Russia remain open.

Healthcare in Russia

All patients displaying symptoms of a respiratory illness normally have their PCR and rapid antigen tests taken. Those who tested positive for COVID-19 are required to self-isolate for 7 days.

For contact details of English speaking doctors visit our list of healthcare providers in Russia.

Your emotional and mental wellbeing is important. Read guidance on how to look after your mental wellbeing and mental health.

View Health for further details on healthcare in Russia.

Finance

For information on financial support you can access whilst abroad, visit our financial assistance guidance.

Further information

If you need consular assistance, please call British Embassy Moscow on +7 495 956 7200 and then select the option for consular assistance. Phone lines are answered 24hrs a day. You can contact the Russian emergency services by calling 112.

Tell a friend or relative about your travel plans before you go. Give them some idea of your itinerary (if possible), and an emergency contact number.

Check with your mobile phone provider to make sure your phone will work in Russia. Store useful numbers in your phone, such as the British Embassy (+7 495 956 7200) and the local emergency service number (112). To get a local SIM card, you will need to show your passport.

There have been numerous reports of drone attacks, explosions and fires in areas in Western and Southern Russia, particularly near the Russian border with Ukraine and including Moscow and St Petersburg. The wider situation remains unpredictable, and could escalate further without warning. You are advised to stay alert to security warnings and follow the advice of local authorities. In the event of drone attacks, you should seek cover inside buildings or underground passageways, and avoid glazed areas.

You may be subject to ID checks by the local police. You should keep your passport with you at all times.

On 19 October 2022, President Putin introduced a “medium response level” in several regions of Russia including Krasnodar, Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Rostov and a “heightened preparedness level” in the remainder of the Central and Southern Federal districts. A “basic readiness level” has been introduced in the rest of Russia. Exact measures are decided by regional authorities and additional restrictions may be announced at very short, or even no, notice. You may see a heightened security presence. Transport and movement (including across borders) could be disrupted. Check travel advice regularly and monitor the local media for any announcements of restrictions.

There have been multiple reports of intensive security checks on foreign nationals at Russian border crossings upon entry/exit. Travellers may be subject to the detailed questioning, taking of fingerprints and DNA swab tests, and requests to switch on electronic devices for content checking.

Read our foreign travel checklist for more information and advice on preparing for a safe trip.

Russian regions adjoining Ukraine are likely to be subject to increased security activity by the Russian police and military, such as road blocks and ID checks. Security is likely to be high near any military installations.

Earth tremors are recorded throughout the year without consequences. To learn more about what to do before, during and after an earthquake, see the website of the US Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Travel from Ukraine

If you have travelled into Russia from Ukraine and are in need of consular assistance, call +7 495 956 7200 or send an enquiry via the web contact form.

Crime

You should follow the same personal security procedures as you would anywhere else.

Be alert to the possibility of mugging, pick-pocketing and theft in the main tourist areas and around the main railway concourses, as well as from vehicles or hotel rooms. Do not leave your bags unattended. Avoid openly carrying expensive items or anything that might easily identify you as a tourist. Avoid walking about late at night alone. Be wary of groups of women and children who beg. Do not agree to look after possessions of people you do not know, and never agree to go to a bar or a club with someone you have just met.

Look after your passport at all times, especially in major transport hubs and busy areas. Passports have been reported stolen or lost from British nationals when in the airports in Moscow. Be particularly vigilant when passing through the airports, particularly in the baggage collection area and outside the arrivals hall.

The spiking of drinks does happen and can lead to robbery, violence and/or abuse. Unconscious victims are often left outside, which can be life threatening in the winter months. Buy your own drinks and keep sight of them at all times.

Official-looking taxis can be unlicensed, and British nationals travelling in them have been the victims of crime. Taxi apps are a useful way to call a registered taxi. You can also ask your hotel to get a taxi for you or to give you the number of a reputable company. Do not flag down what may appear to be an official taxi or share a taxi with strangers, as you are putting yourself at risk. Where possible, you should agree the fare before getting into the taxi or check that the meter is working.

Foreign visitors are not usually the targets of violent crime. However, in St Petersburg there have been reports of street crime where tourists have been specifically targeted. These crimes are carried out by well organised gangs.

The police do not need a reason in order to stop, question or detain individuals. Bogus police officers have harassed and robbed tourists. If you’re stopped, always insist on seeing identification, and report harassment or crimes to the nearest police office.

Scams

Take care if you are using a dating service. A number of British nationals have been the victims of fraud. Never send money or buy items for anyone you have not met in person.

Be wary of sending money via untraceable transfer services. There have been instances where British nationals have lost money by sending money to an unknown recipient without checking they were genuine.

Political situation

Political rallies and demonstrations occur in cities and towns across Russia, usually with notice and permission from the authorities. Unauthorised demonstrations can meet a robust response from the Russian authorities, leading to violence. Under Russian law, actions by one person can be considered a protest. Although Russian law requires no authorisation for a single-person protest, this still can be subject to repercussions by Russian authorities.

In recent years, a number of journalists have been arrested in connection with their professional activities, i.e. both gathering information and publishing it.

Following President Putin’s decision to invade Ukraine, there have been multiple reports of anti-war and anti-mobilisation protests across Russia. Many demonstrators have been detained as a result.

Several regions of Russia have declared a state of emergency due to a reported influx of people from non-government controlled areas of Ukraine.

Check the local media for the latest information, be vigilant, and avoid any demonstrations or large gatherings which may be considered political.

Race

Most visitors experience no difficulties but racial discrimination may be an issue and might vary according to location. People of African, Asian or Caribbean descent may attract unwanted attention in public places and should take care, particularly when travelling late at night.

Local travel

Consular support is severely limited in parts of Russia due to the security situation. The North Caucasus remains an unstable and potentially dangerous region. Russian authorities take a particularly strict attitude towards security, as well as compliance with visa and registration rules. Short-term travel restrictions are sometimes applied in relation to ongoing security operations. These are publicised at very short notice, if at all.

If you travel to these parts of Russia against FCDO advice, you are taking a serious risk. The ability of the FCDO and British Embassy Moscow to help in the case of an emergency will be severely limited.

On 24 February 2022, Russian authorities announced restrictions on domestic flights to a number of airports in southern Russia, with disruption to internal flights to and from Moscow and other cities. Currently Anapa, Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Gelendzhik, Krasnodar, Kursk, Lipetsk, Rostov-on-don, Simferopol and Elista are affected. Check the latest information with your airline or travel provider. The Russian aviation authorities [have published information about the affected airports (in Russian). See Safety and security, Travel in Russia, and Air travel.

Road travel

See Returning to the UK for information about leaving Russia by road.

The AA and the RAC offer information and advice on driving in Russia, including information on compulsory documentation and equipment. If you are planning to hire a car, check with your car hire company for information on their requirements before you travel.

You need to have a 1968 International Driving Permit (IDP) to drive in Russia. 1949 IDPs previously issued by the UK may no longer be accepted in Russia. You can only get IDPs over the counter from 2,500 UK post offices. You will not be able to buy an IDP outside the UK, so get one before you travel.

From 1 June 2023 green cards are no longer accepted as proof of insurance in Russia. You should check the insurance entry requirements before entering.

In order to drive a vehicle into Russia, you will need to declare the vehicle with the customs authority at the point of entry. You can bring a vehicle into Russia without paying import taxes for a maximum period of 1 year.

Contact the Russian Embassy in the UK if you have more detailed questions about bringing a vehicle into Russia. British Embassy Moscow is unable to offer help to those attempting to bring vehicles into Russia without the correct documentation.

Be aware that travel between cities may take a long time given the distance, heavy traffic in big cities, and poor road conditions. Do not drive alone at night or sleep in your vehicle on the side of the road. Do not pick up hitchhikers.

Road safety in Russia is poor. According to statistics published by the Directorate for Road Traffic Safety there were over 120,000 road traffic accidents in Russia in 2021, causing over 13,000 deaths and over 151,000 injuries. Be vigilant when driving, take account of weather conditions, and consider limiting or avoiding driving at night.

It is common practice for traffic police to stop motorists for spot checks. There is a zero tolerance policy towards drunk driving.

Rail travel

All railway stations have airport-style security. All bags will be scanned and passengers will need to go through detector arches.

If you are travelling by overnight train in a sleeping compartment, store valuables in the container under the bed or seat. Do not agree to look after the luggage of a fellow traveller or allow it to be stored in your compartment.

Do not leave your sleeping compartment unoccupied, as some compartments only have a simple lock on the sliding door. On some trains, there may be an additional security device attached to the fitted handle/lock unit. There may also be a steel switch at head-height on the door panel which, when pulled down, prevents the closed door from being slid open.

Air travel

Some British (and other) nationals arriving at Russian airports have been stopped and questioned extensively by security personnel. Some have been held for up to 4 hours for further identity checks, and then they have usually been allowed to continue their journeys. Sometimes security personnel have asked for access to data on phones and other electronic devices. This could happen to you, whether or not you have a visa or residence permit.

You should:

• tell a family member, friend or colleague about your travel plans, and explain that getting through the arrival process might take much longer than usual
• if you are stopped by security personnel in this way, remain calm and avoid any confrontation

See Returning to the UK for information about leaving Russia by air.

The Civil Aviation Authority UK Air Safety List (ASL) identifies foreign airlines which do not meet international safety standards. These airlines are banned from operating commercial air services to, from, and within the UK. Since 8 April 2022, all Russian-certified air carriers are included on the UK ASL.

• use the list to inform your decisions on which air carriers to use when flying overseas.
• consult local travel providers to find alternative air routes or other means of travel, e.g. road or rail.

In May 2022, the UK government designated Aeroflot, Rossiya Airlines, Ural Airlines and Russian Railways for the purposes of UK sanctions. This means that British nationals and others who are bound by UK sanctions are prohibited from entering into transactions which result in making funds directly or indirectly available to these companies, such as purchasing tickets from them. On 23 May 2022, the Office for Financial Sanctions Implementation issued a general licence which means that for journeys originating in, or within, Russia, British nationals may purchase tickets from these companies without breaching UK sanctions.

When British government staff travel internally within Russia they may use airlines which currently also serve international destinations in countries where international safety standards are maintained. They also travel on Western-manufactured aircraft where possible.

The volume and quantity of liquids, gels, aerosols, creams or pastes you can carry in your hand luggage when going through airport screening facilities throughout Russia is limited. For more information, refer to the Federal Air Transport Agency (in Russian) or consult your airline.

Disabled access

People with disabilities may face difficulties in accessing certain public areas as disabled facilities vary across Russia, and can be poor or even non-existent in places.

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Russia.

Terrorist groups, including Daesh and Al-Qaeda aligned groups, continue to call for attacks in Russia.

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. You should remain vigilant at all times.

Attacks could be indiscriminate, and could include popular tourist sites. Attacks may target seasonal, festive, or religious activities in public places particularly where access is not controlled for example at open-air events and markets, and on transportation networks across Russia.

Russia has seen a number of terrorist attacks including in Moscow and St Petersburg with large casualty numbers, and Russia’s aviation has also been targeted. Security forces have disrupted several plots in major Russian cities, including Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Stavropol.

North Caucasus

In 2015, Daesh announced the establishment of an affiliate in the North Caucasus, and many rebel leaders announced they had switched their allegiance to Daesh. Daesh North Caucasus has claimed responsibility for a number of small-scale attacks (mainly in Dagestan), targeting law enforcement personnel.

While the number of casualties from ongoing violence in the North Caucasus has reduced in recent years, there continues to be frequent attacks and skirmishes between rebel groups and Russian forces in the republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria. The threat from terrorism could rise quickly in relation to any escalation of violence in the North Caucasus.

Security services conduct frequent counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus and elsewhere in Russia. These can be at short notice and involve restrictions on travel.

Kidnaps

A number of western nationals, including British nationals, have previously been kidnapped in the North Caucasus and some have been killed by their captors. Those engaged in humanitarian aid work, journalism or business sectors are viewed as legitimate targets. If you’re kidnapped, the reason for your presence is unlikely to serve as a protection or secure your safe release.

The long-standing policy of the British government is not to make substantive concessions to hostage takers. The British government considers that paying ransoms and releasing prisoners builds the capability of terrorist groups and finances their activities. This can, in turn, increase the risk of further hostage taking. The Terrorism Act (2000) makes payments to terrorists illegal.

This page reflects the UK government’s understanding of current rules for people travelling on a full ‘British citizen’ passport from the UK, for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in Russia set and enforce entry rules. If you’re unsure how Russia’s entry requirements apply to you, contact the Russian Embassy in the UK.

Entry restrictions

Effective from 21 October 2022 Russia has removed the requirement to produce a negative PCR test. Random testing may still take place on arrival in Russia. Check with your airline before you travel to keep up to date with the latest requirements.

Currently there are a limited number of air links and rail routes to Russia due to sanctions.

All foreign travellers arriving in Russia

The FCDO advises against all travel to Russia.

All foreign passengers should complete a travel form prior to arriving in Russia. The forms are usually handed out to passengers by cabin crew on arriving flights. The template is available at the official web site of the Russian state regulator Rospotrebnadzor (only in Russian).

Check the specific COVID-19 test requirements airlines have in place in advance of your flight. Airlines may refuse boarding if their requirements are not met.

Testing/screening on arrival

Passengers arriving by air may be temperature-checked and/or randomly selected for additional PCR testing on arrival. No prior arrangements are required. Passengers should follow guidance of the Russian authorities upon landing.

For passengers travelling out of Russia, express COVID-19 tests can be carried out at some airports. In Moscow, express COVID-19 tests are available in Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo and Vnukovo airports. They may need to be booked in advance and pre-paid. In St Petersburg, express COVID-19 tests can be carried out at Pulkovo airport.

A list of certified Russian laboratories is available at the official website of the Russian state regulator Rospotrebnadzor (only in Russian).

If you’re fully vaccinated

The entry requirements for Russia apply regardless of vaccination status.

Proof of vaccination status

You do not need to present proof that you have been fully vaccinated to enter Russia.

If you’re not fully vaccinated

The entry requirements for Russia apply regardless of vaccination status.

If you’ve had COVID-19 in the past year

The entry requirements for Russia apply regardless of your COVID-19 recovery status.

If you’re transiting through Russia

Travelling between Russia and Belarus

By air: British nationals flying to Russia from Belarus or to Belarus from Russia are subject to immigration control. If you’re transiting Russia when flying to/from Belarus, please contact the nearest Russian embassy or consulate to check if a transit visa is needed.

By road: There are no immigration check points on the land border between Russia and Belarus so foreigners (including British nationals) who cross the land border between Russia and Belarus will have no stamps in their passports and will be deemed to have entered illegally. If you’re planning to drive to Russia, you’ll need to take an alternative route through a different country.

By rail: contact your train or tour operator prior to booking your travel to make sure you enter Russia through an immigration checkpoint. Consider contacting your nearest Russian embassy or consulate for advice on the latest situation for rail travellers.

Make sure you have all the necessary visas for the duration of your travel.

Check your passport and travel documents before you travel

Check with your transport provider or travel company to make sure your passport and other travel documents meet their requirements.

Passport validity

Your passport should be valid for a minimum period of 6 months after the expiry date of your visa.

It’s not possible to enter Russia using a visa in an expired passport, even if carried with a new, valid passport. You will need to either apply for a visa transfer or for a new visa.

Further details are available from the Russian Embassy in the UK.

If you’re travelling on a British passport issued since January 2017, you should make sure you’ve signed your passport before you travel. Some British nationals who haven’t signed their new passports have been denied entry into Russia.

Visas

You’ll need to get a visa from the Russian Embassy before you travel. You should check with the Russian Embassy on the processing time and availability of fast track service.

As part of the visa application process, all applicants based in the UK aged 12 or over will need to visit a visa application centre in London, Manchester or Edinburgh to submit biometric data (scanned fingerprints).

British nationals, who have Russian nationals as their immediate family members, can apply for multi-entry private visas to Russia for up to one year. You should check requirements and conditions of stay with the Russian Embassy.

On receiving your visa, check the details carefully including the validity dates and passport number to make sure they are correct. Make sure you are aware of the terms and conditions attached to your visa before you travel. Adhere to the validity and conditions of your visa while you are in Russia, as the authorities strictly enforce all visa and immigration laws.

If you overstay your visa, you may face fines, court hearings, deportation and a ban from re-entry.

Cruise ships

Cruise or ferry passengers can stay in Russia for 72 hours without a visa if they have booked tours through officially licensed companies. Use recognised cruise operators with established safety records.

Cities where this applies are:

• St Petersburg
• Kaliningrad
• Vladivostok
• Sochi
• Vyborg
• Korsakov (Sakhalin Island)
• Novorossiysk
• Arkhangelsk,
• Zarubino (Primorsky Krai)
• Murmansk.

If your passport is lost/stolen while ashore, you need to obtain a police report, travel to British Embassy Moscow for a replacement Emergency Travel Document, and get an exit visa to leave Russia.

If this is not done within the 72-hour visa free period, you will face a court hearing which will most likely result in a fine, deportation and a possible ban from re-entry.

Immigration cards

You must sign an immigration card every time you arrive in Russia. This will be given to you at passport control. The card is in two identical parts: one part will be retained by an immigration official, keep the other part safe as your departure from Russia could be delayed. Hotels, hostels or another receiving entity will not accept guests without an immigration card. The amount of foreign currency you can exchange for Russian roubles at local banks may be limited if you fail to present an immigration card.

Customs

You can import and export foreign currency up to USD 10,000 (or equivalent) without declaring it. It is currently not possible to export foreign currency in the amount over USD 10,000 (or equivalent).

If you import over USD 10,000 (or equivalent) or certain categories of goods (e.g. electrical items, jewellery, antiques, valuable musical instruments), you must complete a customs declaration form.

If you wish to import certain advanced electronic items (e.g. GPS instruments), you must get an operating license from the Russian authorities before you travel. Check with the Russian Embassy in the UK for advice before your departure.

If you complete a declaration, make sure the form is stamped by a customs official at your port of entry, otherwise your foreign currency and non-declared items may be confiscated when you leave Russia and you may be fined.

Keep receipts of any purchases in case you need to present them when you leave Russia.

There are strict regulations covering the export of antiques, artworks (including modern art and posters if they are particularly rare or valuable) and items of historical significance bought in Russia or imported to Russia from abroad. You will need an export permit from the Ministry of Culture to export this type of material and each item must be declared at the point of departure. Do not attempt to import or export items that require permits without the relevant paperwork as this is a serious offence.

For further information visit the website of the Russian Federal Customs Service (in Russian only, the site may not be available outside of Russia).

Passport checks

Carry your passport with you at all times. A copy will not be sufficient. Police carry out random checks, especially during periods of heightened security. Failure to produce your passport when asked may lead to a detention for up to 48 hours for identity checks or a fine.

Visitor registration

You will need to register with the local authorities if you’re staying anywhere for more than 7 working days. Your hotel will do this automatically. If you’re staying in a rented or private apartment, it is your host’s responsibility to carry this out. However, it is your responsibility to ensure this is done.

You may be subject to routine police checks; failure to present your registration may result in a fine. You will need to produce evidence of the registration at passport control on departure from Russia. You can find more information on the website of the Russian Interior Ministry’s General Administration for Migration Issues (only accessible in Russia, in Russian).

Health examinations

From 29 December 2021, all foreigners staying in Russia for more than 90 days or who are working in Russia or those on highly qualified specialist (HQS) visas are required to undergo regular comprehensive health examinations, including tests for sexually transmitted diseases and chest X-rays. The health examination also relates to family members, including children aged six and over. You will also have to submit fingerprints and other biometric data.

The initial checks need to be completed within 30 days from your arrival in Russia for workers/HQS and 90 days for other categories. The procedure and the contact details for the service providers in Moscow are available at the official website of the Moscow Government (only accessible in Russia, in Russian). Check with your employers and the Ministry of Interior for the latest requirements.

Drugs

Don’t become involved with drugs. You can be prosecuted for possession of even small quantities of drugs, regardless of whether they are ‘hard’ or ‘soft’.

Photography

Photographing any military establishment or site of strategic importance (including airports) is banned. There may not be warning signs in locations where prohibitions are in place. You are likely to be detained for questioning or arrested if you are caught.

You’ll need to get official permission from the Russian aviation authority (in Russian) before using any unmanned aircraft systems (drones) in Russian airspace. You must inform them of the flight route at least 24 hours in advance and keep in regular contact with them before and during the flight. Failure to do so will result in a fine.

LGBT+ travellers

Attitudes towards the LGBT+ community and LGBT+ issues are less tolerant than in the UK, and can vary depending on location. Government officials have made derogatory comments about LGBT+ individuals. Public displays of affection may attract negative attention. The republics of the North Caucasus are particularly intolerant to the LGBT+ community and LGBT+ issues. Since January 2017, credible reports have been received of the arrest, torture and extrajudicial killing of gay men in Chechnya, allegedly conducted by Chechen regional authorities.

In 2021 Russia was ranked 46th out of 49 European countries for LGBT+ rights by ILGA-Europe. There are no laws that exist to protect LGBT+ people from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and/or gender identity. There are laws severely limiting the receipt of external funding by LGBT+ and human rights organisations in Russia.

Homosexuality is not illegal in Russia. However, in 2012 Moscow Pride was banned for 100 years. In December 2022 , a new set of laws banning the ‘demonstration of LGBT information, promotion of non-traditional sexual relations and change of gender’ towards children and adults through the internet, films, advertisement, audiovisual services and books (the “gay propaganda” law) entered into force. There have been reports that instances of harassment, threats, and acts of violence towards the LGBT+ community have increased following the introduction of this law. Penalties for foreign nationals may include arrest and detention, fines and/or deportation.

See our information and advice page for the LGBT+ community before you travel.

Religious activities

There are restrictions on certain religious activities, including preaching and distributing religious materials. Following recent legislation, Jehovah’s Witnesses are considered an extremist organisation in Russia and can be subject to significant harassment from the authorities, particularly at places of worship. At least one foreign national has been detained and subsequently imprisoned for being a Jehovah’s Witness, though we are not aware of any British nationals being detained for this reason. Some other minority religious groups in Russia are also subject to similar discrimination, as are organisations like the Scientologists.

IT and Social Media

Recently passed legislation in Russia imposes severe restrictions on the publishing and distribution of information related to the Russian armed forces and any military operations. Publishing or distributing information considered ‘fake’ and/or from non-official Russian government sources may be punishable with fines or prison sentences up to 15 years. This also applies to posting and sharing content on social media.

Russia’s cybersecurity laws are changing. Restrictions have been placed on some social media platforms, such as Meta (Facebook and Instagram), LinkedIn and Telegram, and access to other internet sites can be unreliable or blocked completely. More information is available from the Federal Service for Surveillance of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (in Russian).

You can find further advice on the website of the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre.

Restricted areas

Access to certain areas such as military and border zones are restricted. You must get permission from the local authorities before entering these areas. You can find a list online (in Russian the site may not be accessible from outside of Russia).

If you don’t get the necessary permissions you may be arrested, fined or even deported. If you’re in any doubt about whether a tour or excursion will take you into a restricted area, contact your tour operator or the Russian Embassy.

Dual nationality

If you have dual nationality and enter Russia on the passport of your other nationality, the assistance that British Embassy Moscow is able to offer you may be limited.

Russia does not recognise dual nationality for Russian nationals in Russia. If you have dual British and Russian nationality, the Russian authorities will treat you as a Russian national and the consular assistance we are able to provide to you may be very limited. If you are arrested or detained the Russian authorities are unlikely to inform us or to allow us access to you.

On 21 September 2022, Russia declared a “partial” mobilisation of Russian citizens to join the military forces. British nationals holding Russian passports should be aware that they may be in scope for mobilisation or conscription, as the Russian government does not recognise dual nationality for Russian nationals in Russia and treats dual nationals as Russian nationals.

If you have dual British and Russian nationality and travel to Russia to renew your Russian passport, it may take up to 4 months for your new passport to be issued. You won’t be able to leave Russia on your British passport if you entered Russia on your Russian passport, and will therefore have to remain in Russia until your new Russian passport is issued.

Children born overseas and added to their parents’ Russian passports may now have to get their own passport to exit Russia. Check with the Russian Embassy before you travel to ensure you have the necessary paperwork.

If you have a health condition, or you are pregnant, you may need specialist healthcare abroad. Check whether your destination country can provide the healthcare you may need and ensure you have appropriate travel insurance for unexpected medical evacuation or local treatment.

At least 8 weeks before your trip, check the latest country-specific health advice from the National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) on the TravelHealthPro website. Each country-specific page has information on vaccine recommendations, any current health risks or outbreaks, and factsheets with information on staying healthy abroad. Guidance is also available from NHS (Scotland) on the FitForTravel website.

General information on travel vaccinations and a travel health checklist are available on the NHS website. You may then wish to contact your health adviser or pharmacy for advice on other preventive measures and managing any pre-existing medical conditions while you’re abroad.

While travel can be enjoyable, it can sometimes be challenging. There are clear links between mental and physical health, so looking after yourself during travel and when abroad is important. Information on travelling with mental health conditions is available in our guidance page. Further information is also available from the National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC).

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or purchased in the UK can be different in other countries. If you’re travelling with prescription or over-the-counter medicine, read this guidance from NaTHNaC on best practice when travelling with medicines.

You can normally bring prescription and over the counter medication into Russia for personal use. However, if your medication contains narcotic or psychoactive substances (details available on the Rossiyskaya Gazeta website in Russian), you must carry a prescription in your name which has been translated into Russian and then notarised. Notarisation services in the UK are available from a Notary Public.

If you’re unsure whether you need to provide a prescription and notarised translation to bring your medicines into Russia, check with the Russian Embassy before you travel.

Medical treatment

112 is the single number for any emergency service in Russia. According to Russian law, any foreign national has a right for free medical care in life threatening circumstances.

Your European or Global Health Insurance Card (EHIC/GHIC) is not valid in Russia, and the reciprocal healthcare agreement between the UK and Russia ended on 1 January 2016.

Medical care in many areas of Russia may not meet Western standards. Hospitals do not accept all cases, and may require cash or credit card payments in advance of treatment. Disposable IV supplies, syringes and needles are standard practice in urban areas; however if you plan to travel in remote areas, you may wish to bring your own supplies.

Health risks

According to the Russian Federal Centre for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, on 31 December 2021 a total of 1.13 million people in Russia were living with HIV. HIV prevalence rate among the Russian population in 2021 was estimated at 0.8% compared to prevalence rate in the UK of around 0.2%.

Exercise normal precautions to avoid exposure to HIV/AIDS. Due to uncertainties with the local blood supply, non-essential and elective surgeries are not recommended.

Air quality varies and can worsen in certain weather conditions. Monitor local media and the regional websites for the Ministry of Emergencies for more information.

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Russia, including the western Caucasus mountains. More information about altitude sickness is available from TravelHealthPro (from the UK’s National Travel Health Network and Centre).

The currency in Russia is the Russian rouble (RUB).

The value of the rouble is currently volatile and the value of holdings may fluctuate.

MasterCard and Visa have suspended operations in Russia. This means that MasterCard and Visa cards issued outside of Russia will not work at Russian merchants or ATMs. Cards issued inside Russia continue to work in Russia but they will not work outside of Russia. Be aware that it may not be possible for you to access your funds through Russian banks or to make payments to Russian businesses with non-Russian credit/debit cards.

Make sure that you have enough money to cover your stay in Russia including for any unexpected expenditure e.g. medical treatment, internal travel etc.

As the economy continues to be volatile, this may lead to broader disruption and difficulties affecting the reliability of access to goods and services.

Credit/debit cards issued in Russia are widely used in major Russian cities, including most hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, supermarkets and other shops. ATMs are easy to find, predominantly in bank outlets.

Let your credit/debit card provider know where you are travelling to in order to avoid your card being blocked for anti-fraud reasons. Report the loss of your credit/debit card to your provider as soon as possible.

It is no longer easy to obtain roubles through high street banks or currency providers in the UK.

If you plan to buy roubles in Russia, you should take US dollars or euros to exchange, and only change money at banks, hotels and exchange bureaus. It is an offence to change money from street traders.

It’s illegal to pay directly for general transactions within Russia using foreign currency.

The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) advises against all travel to the whole of Russia.

The Arctic is a vast region, comprising the northerly areas of Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and Alaska (United States). In addition to reading the specific travel advice for each of these countries, prospective visitors to the Arctic should also consider the potential remoteness of certain destinations from search and rescue, evacuation and medical facilities. Independent travellers are particularly advised to develop contingency arrangements for emergency back-up.

The most popular way of visiting the Arctic is by ship. As some areas of the Arctic - specifically the more northerly and remote regions - can be uncharted and ice-covered, check the previous operational experience of cruise and other operators offering travel in the region. You should also consider the on-board medical facilities of cruise ships and talk to cruise operators as appropriate, particularly if you have a pre-existing medical condition.

The eight Arctic states take their international search and rescue obligations very seriously, and have signed a binding agreement on search and rescue co-operation in the Arctic. However, in the highest latitude regions of the Arctic, cruise ships may be operating in relative isolation from other vessels and/or inhabited areas. Be aware that in these regions, search and rescue response will often need to be dispatched from many hundreds of miles away, and assistance to stranded vessels may take several days to arrive, particularly in bad weather. Search and rescue assets are also likely to offer only basic transport and basic medical care, and are unlikely to be capable of advanced life support. Contact responsible cruise operators for the additional information relevant to the circumstances of the cruise they are offering, and address any concerns you may have.

Consular assistance and support to British nationals in the Arctic will be affected by the capacity of national and local authorities. Make sure you have adequate travel insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment or potential repatriation.

Foreign travel checklist

Read our foreign travel checklist to help you plan for your trip abroad and stay safe while you’re there.

Travel safety

The FCDO travel advice helps you make your own decisions about foreign travel. Your safety is our main concern, but we can’t provide tailored advice for individual trips. If you’re concerned about whether or not it’s safe for you to travel, you should read the travel advice for the country or territory you’re travelling to, together with information from other sources you’ve identified, before making your own decision on whether to travel. Only you can decide whether it’s safe for you to travel.

When we judge the level of risk to British nationals in a particular place has become unacceptably high, we’ll state on the travel advice page for that country or territory that we advise against all or all but essential travel. Read more about how the FCDO assesses and categorises risk in foreign travel advice.

Our crisis overseas page suggests additional things you can do before and during foreign travel to help you stay safe.

Refunds and cancellations

If you wish to cancel or change a holiday that you’ve booked, you should contact your travel company. The question of refunds and cancellations is a matter for you and your travel company. Travel companies make their own decisions about whether or not to offer customers a refund. Many of them use our travel advice to help them reach these decisions, but we do not instruct travel companies on when they can or can’t offer a refund to their customers.

For more information about your rights if you wish to cancel a holiday, visit the Citizen’s Advice Bureau website. For help resolving problems with a flight booking, visit the website of the Civil Aviation Authority. For questions about travel insurance, contact your insurance provider and if you’re not happy with their response, you can complain to the Financial Ombudsman Service.

Registering your travel details with us

We’re no longer asking people to register with us before travel. Our foreign travel checklist and crisis overseas page suggest things you can do before and during foreign travel to plan your trip and stay safe.

Previous versions of FCDO travel advice

If you’re looking for a previous version of the FCDO travel advice, visit the National Archives website. Versions prior to 2 September 2020 will be archived as FCO travel advice. If you can’t find the page you’re looking for there, send the Travel Advice team a request.

Further help

If you’re a British national and you have a question about travelling abroad that isn’t covered in our foreign travel advice or elsewhere on GOV.UK, you can submit an enquiry, or contact us on Twitter or Facebook. We’re not able to provide tailored advice for specific trips.